Metabolic & CellularPhase 3 clinical research
Retatrutide
A triple-receptor agonist studied across GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon signalling.
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What it is and what it does
- An experimental peptide designed to activate three signalling targets: GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors.
- These signals can affect appetite, blood-sugar control and how the body uses stored energy.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers study whether acting on three targets produces different metabolic effects from medicines that act on one or two.
- Current human trials focus on obesity, type 2 diabetes and related metabolic measurements.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Changes in body weight, appetite, blood glucose, waist size and blood fats.
- Side effects, treatment withdrawals and longer-term safety are also important trial outcomes.
Evidence limits
- Retatrutide remains investigational and is not an authorised medicine.
- Clinical-trial findings do not establish the identity, safety or suitability of an independently sold research material.
Metabolic & CellularEstablished clinical evidence
Tirzepatide
A dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist with established human clinical evidence.
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What it is and what it does
- A peptide that activates GIP and GLP-1 receptors, two signals involved in appetite and glucose regulation.
- Authorised tirzepatide medicines exist for specific clinical uses, but a research listing should not be treated as an authorised medicine.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers compare its two-receptor action with GLP-1-only treatments.
- Studies examine diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular risk and other metabolic conditions.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Changes in blood glucose, body weight, appetite and cardiovascular measures.
- Researchers also record gastrointestinal effects, treatment tolerance and longer-term safety.
Evidence limits
- Results apply to regulated products used in controlled studies, not automatically to other materials bearing the same name.
- Medical use requires an authorised supply route and appropriate clinical oversight.
Metabolic & CellularEstablished clinical evidence
Semaglutide
A GLP-1 receptor agonist used as a reference point in metabolic research.
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What it is and what it does
- A peptide medicine that activates the GLP-1 receptor, a signal involved in appetite, digestion and insulin release when glucose is present.
- It does not activate the GIP or glucagon receptors, which distinguishes it from dual- and triple-target compounds.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers use it as an established reference when studying diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular outcomes.
- It is also compared with newer combinations and multi-receptor medicines.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Changes in blood glucose, body weight, appetite and major cardiovascular events in defined patient groups.
- Safety research monitors gastrointestinal effects, gallbladder problems and other known risks.
Evidence limits
- Authorised semaglutide products have defined manufacturing and prescribing controls.
- A catalogue research material must not be presented as equivalent to an authorised medicine.
Metabolic & CellularClinical research
Cagrilintide
A long-acting amylin analogue studied for appetite and metabolic signalling.
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What it is and what it does
- A long-acting laboratory-made version of amylin, a hormone released with insulin after eating.
- Amylin signalling can increase feelings of fullness and slow the movement of food from the stomach.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers study cagrilintide alone and alongside GLP-1 medicines in weight-management trials.
- The aim is to understand whether amylin and GLP-1 signals provide complementary effects.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Changes in body weight, appetite, waist size and blood-sugar measures.
- Studies also track nausea, vomiting, digestion-related effects and treatment discontinuation.
Evidence limits
- Cagrilintide is investigational; evidence depends on the exact trial product and study design.
- Results from combination trials do not prove the effect of cagrilintide on its own.
Metabolic & CellularEarly human evidence
AOD-9604
A modified growth-hormone fragment studied separately from full growth hormone.
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What it is and what it does
- A modified fragment based on a small section of human growth hormone.
- It was designed to study metabolic effects separately from the growth-promoting actions of the full hormone.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers have examined fat metabolism, body weight and cartilage-related laboratory models.
- The central question is whether the fragment affects fat breakdown without acting like full growth hormone.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Laboratory measures of fat breakdown and, in human studies, changes in body weight or body composition.
- Some research also measures cartilage-cell responses, but that is a separate research area.
Evidence limits
- Human evidence has not established a reliable weight-management benefit.
- Laboratory findings should not be translated into claims about treatment or personal outcomes.
Metabolic & CellularPhase 2 clinical research
MOTS-c
A mitochondrial-derived peptide studied in cellular stress and metabolic regulation.
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What it is and what it does
- A short peptide encoded within mitochondrial DNA—the genetic material found in cells’ energy-producing structures.
- It is studied as a possible signal linking cellular stress, energy use and metabolic control.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers examine how cells respond to low energy, exercise-like stress and disrupted glucose control.
- Human research is exploring metabolic and physical-function questions, but the field remains early.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Changes in cellular energy pathways, glucose handling, insulin sensitivity and exercise-related measurements.
- Trials also assess safety and whether laboratory findings can be reproduced in people.
Evidence limits
- Many widely discussed effects come from cell or animal studies.
- The peptide has no established general health, longevity or performance use.
Metabolic & CellularEstablished biochemistry
NAD+
A cellular cofactor included as a non-peptide laboratory reference material.
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What it is and what it does
- NAD+ is a naturally occurring cofactor, not a peptide.
- Cells use it in energy-producing reactions and in enzymes involved in DNA repair and cellular signalling.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers study how NAD+ levels change with age, disease, nutrition and cellular stress.
- They also examine whether changing NAD+ availability alters metabolism or repair pathways.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Laboratory measures of cellular energy, redox balance, enzyme activity and stress responses.
- Human studies may measure metabolic or functional outcomes, depending on the specific NAD-related intervention.
Evidence limits
- A central role in cell biology does not mean that adding NAD+ produces a proven health benefit.
- Results vary by compound, route, tissue and study design; findings from NAD precursors are not automatically findings about NAD+ itself.
Repair & ImmunePreclinical
BPC-157
A synthetic peptide studied mainly in laboratory models of tissue repair.
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What it is and what it does
- A synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide based on a fragment associated with gastric proteins.
- Laboratory studies explore possible effects on repair signals, blood-vessel responses and tissue protection.
Why researchers study it
- Most work examines tendon, ligament, muscle, wound and digestive-system models.
- Researchers are trying to identify which signalling pathways may explain the animal findings.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Healing-related measurements such as tissue organisation, blood-vessel formation, inflammation and mechanical strength in laboratory models.
- These are research measurements—not proven recovery benefits in people.
Evidence limits
- Evidence is overwhelmingly from cells and animals, with no established human treatment protocol or robust efficacy evidence.
- Its safety, effective exposure and long-term effects in people are not established.
Repair & ImmunePreclinical
TB-500
A short thymosin beta-4-related fragment discussed in cell-migration research.
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What it is and what it does
- A synthetic fragment related to thymosin beta-4, a naturally occurring protein involved in cell movement and tissue organisation.
- It is discussed separately from full-length thymosin beta-4 because the materials are not identical.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers study actin regulation, cell migration, new blood-vessel formation and early repair processes.
- Most evidence concerns thymosin beta-4 or laboratory models rather than well-controlled human studies of TB-500.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Cell movement, wound closure, inflammation and tissue-structure measurements in experimental models.
- Researchers also ask whether a short fragment reproduces effects reported for the full protein.
Evidence limits
- Human effectiveness and long-term safety are not established.
- Claims about thymosin beta-4 cannot automatically be transferred to TB-500.
Repair & ImmunePreclinical
BPC-157 + TB-500
A combined catalogue reference; evidence for each component must be assessed separately.
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What it is and what it does
- A catalogue combination containing two different experimental materials: BPC-157 and TB-500.
- The components are linked to different proposed repair pathways and should not be treated as one proven mechanism.
Why researchers study it
- BPC-157 is mainly studied in tissue-protection and repair models; TB-500 is discussed around cell movement and actin-related processes.
- A combination may be used to explore both sets of laboratory questions in one project.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Researchers might measure tissue organisation, cell migration, inflammation, blood-vessel responses and repair markers.
- Each result must be traced to the study design; a combined result cannot show which component caused an effect.
Evidence limits
- There is no established human evidence showing that the combination is more effective or safer than either component alone.
- Evidence for each ingredient should be reviewed separately, including interaction uncertainty.
Repair & ImmunePhase 2 clinical research
GHK-Cu
A copper-binding tripeptide studied in skin, matrix and repair biology.
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What it is and what it does
- A naturally occurring three-amino-acid peptide that binds copper.
- It is studied because copper-dependent signals can influence collagen, extracellular matrix, wound repair and skin biology.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers examine skin remodelling, wound healing, hair-follicle biology and gene-expression changes.
- Cosmetic and laboratory research are better developed than evidence for injected or whole-body use.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Changes in collagen-related markers, skin appearance measures, wound closure or hair-related laboratory measurements.
- The exact outcome depends strongly on formulation, concentration and model.
Evidence limits
- Evidence is mixed across laboratory, cosmetic and limited clinical settings.
- Results from a topical cosmetic formulation do not establish safety or effectiveness for another route or product.
Repair & ImmunePreclinical
KPV
A short alpha-MSH-derived sequence studied in inflammatory signalling models.
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What it is and what it does
- A three-amino-acid fragment from alpha-MSH, a naturally occurring signalling peptide.
- It is studied for possible effects on inflammatory messages without the pigment-related activity of the full peptide.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers examine inflammatory pathways in cell, skin and intestinal models.
- A common question is whether KPV can reduce selected inflammatory signals in a local experimental system.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Changes in inflammatory markers, immune-cell activity, barrier function and tissue damage in preclinical models.
- Researchers may also compare it with the larger alpha-MSH molecule.
Evidence limits
- Human evidence is very limited and there is no established clinical benefit.
- An effect on one laboratory marker does not demonstrate treatment of an inflammatory disease.
Repair & ImmuneExperimental
LL-37
A human antimicrobial peptide studied in innate immune and host-defence research.
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What it is and what it does
- A naturally occurring human antimicrobial peptide and part of the body’s early immune defence.
- It can interact with microbes, immune signals and cell membranes.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers study host defence, wound biology, inflammation, infection and immune-cell signalling.
- It is also investigated because its effects can be protective in one context and damaging in another.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Microbial growth, immune signalling, wound closure, cell survival and inflammation-related measurements.
- Results can change markedly with concentration and the experimental environment.
Evidence limits
- LL-37 has complex, context-dependent activity and is not simply a broad “immune booster.”
- Potential toxicity and pro-inflammatory effects are important parts of the research.
Repair & ImmuneEstablished clinical evidence in some jurisdictions
Thymosin Alpha-1
An immune-modulating peptide with clinical and laboratory research history.
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What it is and what it does
- A 28-amino-acid peptide related to a naturally occurring thymus protein.
- It can influence parts of immune signalling, including T-cell and innate immune responses.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers have studied immune function, infection, vaccine responses and cancer-support settings.
- Authorised status and clinical use vary between countries and indications.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Immune-cell activity, infection-related outcomes, vaccine response and clinical recovery measures in defined studies.
- Results are condition-specific and should not be generalised to healthy people.
Evidence limits
- Evidence quality and approved uses differ by jurisdiction.
- A research product is not interchangeable with a regulated medicinal product used in a clinical study.
GH Axis & SecretagoguesEarly human evidence
CJC-1295 No DAC
A shorter-acting GHRH analogue studied in growth-hormone signalling.
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What it is and what it does
- A laboratory-made analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone, usually described without the long-acting drug-affinity-complex modification.
- It is intended to stimulate the pituitary growth-hormone signal for a shorter period than the DAC form.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers examine growth-hormone release, pulse patterns and downstream IGF-1 signalling.
- It is compared with longer-acting GHRH analogues and ghrelin-receptor agonists.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Blood concentrations of growth hormone and IGF-1, plus timing and duration of the hormone response.
- Some studies also record metabolic effects and adverse events.
Evidence limits
- The name “CJC-1295 No DAC” is used inconsistently and may refer to modified GRF 1-29.
- Human effectiveness and long-term safety for general performance or body-composition goals are not established.
GH Axis & SecretagoguesEarly human evidence
CJC-1295 DAC
A long-acting GHRH analogue modified to extend circulation time.
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What it is and what it does
- A long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone.
- Its DAC modification binds to albumin in the blood, extending exposure compared with shorter GHRH fragments.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers study sustained growth-hormone and IGF-1 signalling and how duration changes the hormone pattern.
- The long-acting design is the main distinction from “No DAC” versions.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Changes in growth hormone, IGF-1 and the length of time those signals remain raised.
- Safety studies monitor effects associated with prolonged growth-hormone-axis stimulation.
Evidence limits
- Human studies are limited and do not establish broad anti-ageing, muscle-building or recovery benefits.
- Longer activity is a pharmacological difference, not proof of a better outcome.
GH Axis & SecretagoguesEarly human evidence
Ipamorelin
A selective ghrelin-receptor agonist studied for growth-hormone release.
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What it is and what it does
- A small synthetic peptide that activates the ghrelin receptor and can trigger growth-hormone release.
- It was designed to be more selective for growth-hormone signalling than some earlier secretagogues.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers examine pituitary hormone release and whether selectivity changes unwanted hormone effects.
- Studies compare it with GHRP compounds and GHRH-related peptides.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Short-term changes in growth hormone and related endocrine markers.
- Research may also measure appetite, glucose handling and other off-target hormone effects.
Evidence limits
- Human evidence is limited and does not establish long-term effectiveness or safety for body composition or recovery.
- A hormone response in a short study is not the same as a proven health benefit.
GH Axis & SecretagoguesEstablished clinical evidence
Tesamorelin
A GHRH analogue with established clinical evidence for a defined authorised product.
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What it is and what it does
- A modified version of growth hormone-releasing hormone that stimulates the body’s own growth-hormone pathway.
- An authorised tesamorelin medicine exists for a narrowly defined clinical indication in some jurisdictions.
Why researchers study it
- Clinical research has focused on excess abdominal fat in adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy.
- Other studies examine liver-fat and metabolic outcomes in defined populations.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Changes in visceral abdominal fat, IGF-1, liver-fat measurements and metabolic markers.
- Safety monitoring includes glucose control and effects linked to growth-hormone signalling.
Evidence limits
- Evidence for an authorised medicine and indication does not support general weight-loss, anti-ageing or performance claims.
- A research listing is not equivalent to the regulated prescription product.
GH Axis & SecretagoguesEstablished clinical history
Sermorelin
A GHRH fragment historically studied for pituitary growth-hormone response.
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What it is and what it does
- A 29-amino-acid fragment of growth hormone-releasing hormone.
- It stimulates the pituitary to release growth hormone rather than supplying growth hormone directly.
Why researchers study it
- Historically used to test pituitary growth-hormone reserve and studied in growth-related endocrine settings.
- Researchers compare its shorter signal with longer-acting GHRH analogues.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Short-term growth-hormone release, IGF-1 and pituitary-response measurements.
- Clinical studies may assess growth outcomes only in carefully defined populations.
Evidence limits
- Historical clinical use does not establish current approval or benefit for anti-ageing, recovery or performance.
- Response varies with age, pituitary function and study conditions.
GH Axis & SecretagoguesHuman clinical research
GHRP-2
A ghrelin-receptor agonist studied in growth-hormone secretion research.
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What it is and what it does
- A synthetic peptide that activates the ghrelin receptor and stimulates growth-hormone release.
- It can also affect appetite and other hormone signals, so it is not specific to a single outcome.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers use it to study growth-hormone secretion and pituitary responsiveness.
- It has also been investigated as part of endocrine diagnostic testing in some settings.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Changes in growth hormone, appetite-related signals and other endocrine markers.
- Studies may compare responses across age groups or endocrine conditions.
Evidence limits
- A measurable hormone rise does not establish muscle, recovery or anti-ageing benefit.
- Long-term safety and effectiveness outside defined research settings are not established.
GH Axis & SecretagoguesHuman clinical research
GHRP-6
A growth-hormone secretagogue also studied in appetite-related signalling.
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What it is and what it does
- A synthetic ghrelin-receptor agonist that can stimulate growth-hormone release.
- It is also known for appetite-related signalling, which helps distinguish it from more selective compounds.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers study pituitary growth-hormone release, ghrelin biology and appetite mechanisms.
- It is often compared with GHRP-2 and ipamorelin to examine differences in selectivity.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Changes in growth hormone, hunger ratings, food intake and related endocrine markers.
- Research also monitors glucose and other hormone responses.
Evidence limits
- Human studies do not establish a safe or effective general-use protocol.
- Short-term endocrine effects should not be presented as proven body-composition or performance outcomes.
Neurological & LongevityClinical use in limited jurisdictions
Semax
An ACTH-derived peptide studied in neurological and cognitive research.
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What it is and what it does
- A synthetic peptide derived from a short section of ACTH but designed without ACTH’s main hormone-stimulating effect.
- It is studied for possible effects on brain signalling, stress responses and nerve-cell protection.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers have explored stroke recovery, attention, memory and brain-derived growth-factor pathways.
- Most clinical use and published experience come from a limited number of countries.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Cognitive test results, neurological recovery measures and laboratory markers linked to nerve-cell function.
- Study methods and formulations vary, making results difficult to compare.
Evidence limits
- Evidence is not strong enough to support broad cognitive-enhancement claims.
- Regulatory status and accepted clinical use differ substantially between jurisdictions.
Neurological & LongevityEarly human evidence
Selank
A tuftsin-related peptide studied in stress and neurochemical research.
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What it is and what it does
- A synthetic peptide related to tuftsin, a naturally occurring immune-linked peptide fragment.
- It is studied for possible effects on anxiety-related behaviour, stress and brain signalling.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers examine neurotransmitter systems, stress responses and cognitive performance.
- Early human work exists, but much of the evidence comes from small or regionally published studies.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Anxiety ratings, attention or memory tests, and laboratory measures of neurotransmitter-related activity.
- Researchers also assess whether any effects persist and whether they can be replicated.
Evidence limits
- Evidence remains limited and does not establish a general treatment or cognitive benefit.
- Small studies and differences in methods reduce certainty.
Neurological & LongevityExperimental
DSIP
A small peptide historically investigated in sleep-related research.
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What it is and what it does
- A small peptide first isolated during experiments involving sleep-related brain activity.
- Its natural biological role and even its relationship with sleep remain uncertain.
Why researchers study it
- Historical studies examined sleep patterns, stress responses and pain-related measures.
- Researchers have struggled to reproduce a clear, consistent sleep effect.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Sleep stages, sleep duration, electrical brain activity and stress-related measurements.
- Some experiments also measure pain sensitivity or hormone responses.
Evidence limits
- Evidence is old, limited and inconsistent, with no established clinical benefit.
- The name “delta sleep-inducing peptide” should not be treated as proof that it reliably induces sleep.
Neurological & LongevityEarly human evidence
Epithalon
A synthetic tetrapeptide studied in ageing-related and cellular models.
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What it is and what it does
- A synthetic four-amino-acid peptide based on a sequence associated with pineal-gland research.
- It is studied in laboratory models involving ageing, cell division and telomere-related biology.
Why researchers study it
- Researchers examine cell lifespan, oxidative stress, circadian biology and age-related changes.
- Some small human studies have been reported, but the evidence base is not widely replicated.
Outcomes researchers measure
- Laboratory measures such as telomerase activity, cell survival, oxidative stress and circadian markers.
- Human studies may report health or survival outcomes, but these require strong independent confirmation.
Evidence limits
- There is no established anti-ageing or lifespan-extending benefit in people.
- Laboratory changes in cells do not demonstrate a safe or meaningful longevity outcome.
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